We documented layers, special features and profiles in 3D models using total station measurements, digital photographs and drawings. Three-dimensional coordinates of anatomical landmarks and curve semilandmarks were digitized on the surface models using Landmark Editor (v.3.0.0.6)60. 3D EDJ shape analysisThe shape of the EDJ was examined for multiple tooth positions represented in the ThI-GH sample and compared to a sample of fossil hominins as well as early and recent modern humans. With a few exceptions (for example, Atapuerca material) morphological assessment and crown measurements of the comparative material were taken from the original specimens using Mitutoyo digital callipers. Comparative samples involve Neanderthals, early and recent H. sapiens, as well as early and lower Pleistocene hominins, some from Northern Africa.

Source: The North Africa Journal January 08, 2026 04:35 UTC