All four of these have now been observed, with the latter three occurring after the Big Bang was first proposed. As no other framework can account for these four observations, there are now no viable alternatives to the Big Bang. In fact, nearly a decade ago, a prominent contrarian noted the lack of galaxies without dark matter and claimed it falsified the dark matter model. But dark energy is still necessary either way; the only "crisis" is aritificially manufactured. But we mustn't forget or throw out the existing successes of General Relativity, the expanding Universe, the Big Bang, dark matter, dark energy, or inflation.

Source: Forbes May 07, 2019 06:00 UTC