France’s embattled prime minister, Sébastien Lecornu, resigned on Monday less than 24 hours after forming a cabinet, catching the nation by surprise and making his government the shortest-lived in modern French history. Other forces, like the Socialist Party, argued that it was time for a left-wing prime minister to govern. Mr. Macron made no public comments on Monday, and it remained unclear what option he might pick. Mr. Lecornu, a close ally of Mr. Macron, was appointed less than a month ago. He is the third prime minister to leave office in under a year, a level of turmoil that until recently was rare in France.