In South Africa’s proportional representation system, this means that the ANC will have to look for allies to continue governing. Summarising the study, Professor Yoland Sadie described the role of social grants in deciding voter behaviour as important, possibly decisive. ANC national chairperson Gwede Mantashe hinted as much when he accused Steenhuisen of organising “apartheid parties” to remove the ANC from power. He’s trying to organise all apartheid parties and parties of Bantustans to form a group that will defeat the ANC,” Mantashe said. Will this pitch erode the ANC vote among key constituencies, including the rural communities?