In Niger, the coup removed the democratically elected President, Mohamed Bazoum, who enjoyed close ties with France and the US. The French military presence has also helped keep tyrants in power and leads the fight against domestic dissidents and extremist groups that threaten the ruler or country. They promise a “second scramble for independence” based on providing real freedom from domestic tyranny and external control. This would include reduced presence of military personnel and co-management of French military bases (except the one at Djibouti). All of them saw military coups recently and all of them are seeking a strong Wagner presence.